1. Masters and Johnson studied human sexual behavior in the laboratory. They hooked couples up to various measuring devices and asked them to engage in sexual behavior. The results of this research are an important component of our knowledge about human sexual behavior. Based on what you've read in the text, which of the following is likely to be the most important problem with Masters and Johnson's research results?
A. Although the research is empirical, it does not meet other fundamental requirements of a scientific study.
B. Their studies can only describe and not explain human sexual behavior.
C. The observation of participants' sexual behavior may have changed the behavior in important ways.
D. none of the above
2. Paula woke up screaming and told her husband that she had just had a dream in which a scary face was looking at her. Would we call this a dream according to the way the term was defined in the text?
A. Yes, because Paula had a delusional experience during sleep.
B. Yes, because she obviously had a nightmare that woke her up.
C. No, because she must have seen the scary face during light sleep.
D. No, because there wasn't a sequence of hallucinatory experiences.
3. A man is in a sleep laboratory getting tested for a sleep-related problem. About an hour after he fell asleep, his brain waves started to show a "beta-like" pattern. He got up and started to play an imaginary violin. After 30 seconds, he put the "violin" down and turned his attention to the heavy chair next to his bed. He pushed the chair towards the door and, once there, wedged it under the doorknob, Then he returned to bed and the beta-like activity disappeared. What is the best explantion of this man's behavior?
A. The man was acting out a dream during REM sleep but he did not have the muscle paralysis typical for that stage.
B. The man must have been awake (only pretending to be asleep) but, for some unknown reason, did not want anyone to enter the room.
C. The man was sleepwalking during SW sleep: the beta-like activity reflected an atypical pattern sometimes seen during SW sleep.
4. I have just spent 15 hours in my office typing quiz questions on my computer. In a few minutes, I am going to drive home and go to bed. According to Freud's concept of the day residue, what is likely to happen to me while I'm sleeping?
A. IIt is likely that overwork will lead to mental conflicts that result in "anxiety dreams" or a nightmare.
B. It is likely that I will spend more time than is usual for me in deep stages of sleep (Stages 3 and 4).
C. It is likely that I will spend a lot of time dreaming about things related to work.
D. It is likely that I will sleep longer but wake up tomorrow feeling less rested.
5. Do we know beyond a reasonable doubt that some animals species dream during REM sleep?
A. No, because no other species is able to use language and, hence, they cannot tell us if they dream.
B. No, because dreaming is a "higher cognitive activity" in which only humans can engage.
C. Yes, because at least one ape was able to use sign language to say "sleep pictures" and cats with brainstem lesions act out their dreams.
D. none of the above
6. Which of the following is a reason why the anecdotes provided by William Dement are not good evidence that humans can dream only during REM sleep?
A. His anecdotes represented only his experiences and left open the possibility that most people have NREM dreams.
B. He was using stimulants during the time period in which his observations took place, which probably affected them.
C. He probably was not in REM sleep when he had the dreams that he reported in his anecdotes.
D. all the above
7. Which of the following is not one of the conditions that David Foulkes stated may be necessary for dreaming?
A. our brains are highly active
B. our emotional state is mildly agitated
C. we are unable to control the direction of our thoughts
D. we are relatively unaware of the outside world
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