Go to: Answers to Section 4-4 Quiz Questions

1. An eyewitness to a crime has been asked to describe what the perpetrator of the crime looked like, so that a sketch artist can draw a picture of the perpetrator's face. The eyewitness is being asked to perform a _____ task.

A. recall
B. relearning
C. rehearsal
D. recognition

2. In general, which of the following statements about long-term memories seems to be TRUE?

A. Explicit long-term memories often are wrong in details, but implicit long-term memories typically are completely accurate.
B. Implicit long-term memories often are wrong in details, but explicit long-term memories typically are completely accurate.
C. Long-term memories are accurate in all details, although we often have trouble retrieving the details.
D. Long-term memories typically are accurate in broad terms, although they are inaccurate in some of their details.

3. People who have had severe damage to both hippocampi are likely to experience the MOST difficulty with forming new _____ memories.

A. semantic
B. episodic
C. implicit
D. working

4. According to reconstruction theory, we forget because

A. implicit memories eventually become explicit memories.
B. explicit memories eventually become implicit memories.
C. we add inaccurate information when retrieving implicit memories.
D. we add inaccurate information when retrieving explicit memories.

5. Susan was in a horrible car accident when she was a young child--an accident in which her mother was killed. She claims that she always has been able to remember this accident. Which of the following statements about Susan's claim is MOST likely to be true?

A. Her memory probably is inaccurate in broad terms, although at least some details probably are accurate.
B. Her memory probably is accurate in broad terms, although at least some details probably are inaccurate.
C. It is unlikely that Susan would be able to remember such a traumatic event because of the effects of defensive forgetting.
D. It is unlikely that Susan would be able to forget such a traumatic event because of the effects of flashbulb memories.

6. In a memory study, subjects watched a film of a minor car accident. Sometime later, they were asked questions about the film. One group of subjects was asked, "how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" The other group was asked, "how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" The group that heard the words "smashed into " estimated that the cars were going faster than did the group that heard the word "hit." This experiment shows the effects of

A. elaboration.
B. maintenance.
C. suggestion.
D. direction.

7. [FROM THE CLASS DISCUSSION]
When 5-year-old Len first started riding a two-wheeled bike, he had to pay attention to everything in order to make sure that he didn't fall over and could ride in a straight line. After a few weeks, however, Len was able to ride the bike without thinking at all about what he was doing. This shows that, after a few weeks of practice, Len was able to use _____ to ride a bike.

A. automatic processes
B. controlled processes
C. elaborative rehearsal
D. maintenance rehearsal

8. According to the standard model of memory, if we attend to an explicit long-term memory, the memory will move into working memory, where it then can affect conscious behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Which of the following would allow an implicit long-term memory to affect conscious behaviors, thoughts, and emotions?

A. recognition
B. priming
C. recall
D. encoding

9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the long-term memory subsystem?

A. It has a virtually unlimited capacity.
B. It stores memories for at least one minute.
C. Its memory codes are virtual reproductions of the original sensory stimuli.
D. Its memory codes are stored at the preconscious and unconscious levels.

10. An eyewitness to a crime is asked to identify the perpetrator of the crime in a police line-up of six individuals. This is an example of a _____ task.

A. recall
B. relearning
C. rehearsal
D. recognition

11. After recovering from injuries caused by an auto accident, Therese is NOT able to develop new episodic memories. According to memory research, which of the following is MOST likely to be the cause of her memory difficulties?

A. She is unable to form schemas that will allow her to form new memories.
B. There is a disruption of neurotransmitter activity in the frontal lobes.
C. Structures in her limbic system probably have been damaged.
D. She is experiencing a dissociative state brought on by the trauma.

12. Lisa remembers that, when she turned 21 last year, three of her friends took her to a bar, where she had only one glass of wine (because she rarely drank). Afterwards, they went out to a late dinner at a very fancy restaurant. According to reconstruction theory, Lisa's memory should be

A. accurate in all details because the events surrounding her birthday would have been encoded as flashbulb memories.
B. accurate in all details because the events surrounding her birthday would have been encoded as self-reference memories.
C. inaccurate in at least some details because the glass of wine probably would have caused Lisa to experience difficulties in memory formation.
D. inaccurate in at least some details because Lisa would have encoded and stored only fragments of the events from that night.

13. [FROM THE CLASS DISCUSSION]
Elaborative rehearsal is MORE likely to involve _____ than _____.

A. controlled processes; automatic processes
B. automatic processes; controlled processes
C. structural encoding; phonemic encoding
D. phonemic encoding; structural encoding

14. If an authority figure tells a person that he or she experienced a particular life event that, in reality, the person never had, memory research has shown that the person will

A. sometimes develop a false memory of the event.
B. almost always develop a false memory of the event.
C. very rarely develop a false memory of the event.
D. know immediately that the event never occurred.

15. Kate was severely physically abused by a foster parent when she was a young child (5-6 years of age). She says that she has always been able to remember the abuse. Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be true?

A. Kate's memories probably are inaccurate in broad outline, although at least some details probably are accurate.
B. Kate's memories probably are accurate in broad outline, although at least some details probably are inaccurate.
C. Severe physical abuse generally leads to defensive forgetting, so Kate probably has constructed memories based on what she has been told.
D. Severe physical abuse generally leads to stress-induced forgetting, so Kate probably has constructed memories based on what she has been told.

16. The evidence for the existence of repression consists mostly of

A. case studies.
B. correlational studies.
C. experimental studies.
D. controlled studies.

17. Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

A. I remember that I fed the dogs this morning at 8:30 AM.
B. I remember that there was nothing good on TV last night.
C. I remember getting a new book last week.
D. I remember that my sister's name is "Lois."

18. [FROM THE CLASS DISCUSSION]
Jerry is reading a children's book to his daughter — a book that he has read to her many times before. Now, he is able to read the book while he thinks of other things. That is, Jerry no longer has to pay attention in order to read the book. This shows that Jerry's reading of the book involves

A. semantic memories.
B. episodic memories.
C. automatic processes.
D. controlled processes.

19. I cannot remember ever meeting the person who just called me on the phone because my explicit memory code consists only of a visual image of her face. Which theory of forgetting best explains my inability to remember who she is?

A. encoding-specificity theory
B. interference theory
C. decay theory
D. reconstruction theory

20. Paul's girlfriend believes that he keeps forgetting the dates of his algebra exams because simply thinking about algebra causes him to become very distressed. Which theory of forgetting is Paul's girlfriend using to explain his inability to remember the dates of his algebra exams?

A. interference
B. displacement
C. defensive
D. encoding-specificity

21. Which of the following is the MAIN type of memory that includes all the others?

A. implicit memory
B. semantic memory
C. episodic memory
D. long-term memory
E. explicit memory

22. An essay test is a ___ measure of retention; a multiple-choice test assessing rote memorization is a ___ measure of retention.

A. relearning; recognition
B. recall; recognition
C. recall; relearning
D. recognition; recall

23. A(n) ___ memory is a memory for some item of general knowledge (that is, a fact about the world).

A. semantic
B. explicit
C. working
D. episodic

24. I was just recalling the day that I married my first wife. I remembered that it occurred in the rabbi's house on a very hot day in August. This type of memory is called a(n)

A. episodic memory.
B. procedural memory.
C. implicit memory.
D. semantic memory.

25. According to the defensive theory of forgetting, explicit memories become implicit memories because a person unconsciously wants to avoid experiencing

A. negative emotions.
B. positive emotions.
C. negative reinforcements.
D. positive reinforcements.

26. Interference seems to have its effects primarily by influencing the ___ of information.

A. processing
B. encoding
C. storing
D. retrieving

27. Yesterday, at a stoplight, I saw a passenger in the next car who looked very familiar, but I couldn't seem to remember how I knew him. This morning, I saw that he was a student in one of my classes. In fact, he was one of my best students and often came to my office during office hours to ask questions. What is the BEST explanation for my forgetting who he was when I saw him at the stoplight?

A. I had reconstructed the memory incorrectly due to my having an inadequate memory code of his face (because of retrieval difficulties).
B. There was a mismatch between the retrieval cue (an image of his face at the stoplight) and my explicit memory code for him (an image of his face in the classroom and in my office).
C. My explicit memory code for him (an image of his face in the classroom and in my office) had decayed significantly and was re-encoded only after seeing him again in class.
D. I probably had transformed my explicit memory code into an implicit memory code that produced a vague feeling of familiarity when I saw him at the stoplight.

28. I just recalled that Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States. The memory is stored as a(n)

A. episodic memory.
B. conditioned memory.
C. working memory.
D. semantic memory.

29. Interference is greatest when the memory codes for the competing information

A. are different from those of the information to be retrieved.
B. are similar to those of the information to be retrieved.
C. have been encoded as episodic memories.
D. have been encoded as semantic memories.

30. A person who has had damage to both hippocampi is LEAST likely to show impairments in the development of new

A. explicit memories.
B. episodic memories.
C. implicit memories.
D. long-term memories.

Go to: Answers to Section 4-4 Quiz Questions