SCC
Critical Thinking
Subcommittee
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IMPEDIMENTS TO THINKING
CRITICALLY
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Formal Fallacies
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Fallacy of I'm Entitled to My opinion
Informal Fallacies
- Ad Hoc Hypothesis
- Argument from Authority
- Argument to Ignorance
- Argument From Incredulity
- Bandwagon Effect
- Begging the Question-
- Causal Reasoning—Anecdotal Evidence
- Causal Reasoning—Correlational Evidence
- Circular Reasoning-
- Conjunction Fallacy
- Either/Or Dichotomy
- False Analogy
- Golden Mean Fallacy
- Many Questions Fallacy-"The fallacy of founding a conclusion on a basis that as much needs to be proved as the conclusion itself."
- Post Hoc Fallacy-one argues that one event caused another event because the former preceded the latter.
- Pragmatic Fallacy-one argues that something is true because it works.
- Sunk-Cost Fallacy
Behavioral Biases & Errors
Judgement Biases & Errors
- Actor-Observer Bias
- Anchor Bias
- Belief Perseverance Effect
- Confirmation Bias
- Contrast Effect
- Egocentric Bias
- Evidence Distortion & Selection
confirmation bias
retrofitting
- False Consensus Effect
- Framing Effect
- Fundamental Attribution Bias
- Hindsight Bias
- Illusion of Control
- Just-World Bias
- Loss-Aversion Bias
- Magical Thinking-The false belief that thoughts, words, or actions — such as rituals — cause or prevent the occurrence of an event in an unnatural (nonphysical) manner.
- Mere-Exposure Effect
- Outcome Bias
- Overconfidence Bias
- Representativeness Heuristic
Memory Biases & Errors
- Leveling/Sharpening —Bartlett, Gilovich, schemas
eyewitness testimony
secondary sources-Little Albert
- Memory Distortions Due to Suggestion schemas
anecdotes (Bridey Murphy)
eyewitness testimony
testimonials
- Mood-Congruent Memory
- Novelty Bias
- Retrospection Effect: Past remembered more positively
- Self-Reference Effect
- State-Dependent Memory
Motivational Biases & Errors
- Forer Effect
- Self-Effacing Bias
- Self-Serving Bias
- Wishful Thinking
Perceptual Biases & Errors
- Attentional Blindness
eyewitness testimony
- Autokinetic Effect
- Hypnagogia/Hypnopompia
- Perceptual Distortions Due to Suggestion
eyewitness testimony
pareidolia
- Selective Perception
Research Biases & Errors
- Biased Samples
- Demand Characteristics
hypnosis experiments
(Orne)
- Experimenter Effects
- Nocebo Effect (Suggestion)
testimonials
- Placebo Effect (Suggestion)
testimonials
- Publication Bias- the tendency to publish research that shows significant differences among conditions, especially those differences that are expected. (File-Drawer Effect)
- Research Validity—Internal & External
- Secondary Sources-leveling/sharpening
- Test (Measure) Reliability
- Test (Measure) Validity
Social Biases & Errors
- Halo Effect
- In-Group Bias
- Media Influences
- Out-group Bias
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Statistical Biases & Errors
- Availability Heuristic--Media Influences
- Clustering Bias
- Coincidence (Odd-Matches)
(Psi Assumption)
- Illusory Correlation
- Gambler's Fallacy
- Regression to Mean, Ignoring
- Spurious Correlation
- Statistical Anomaly
(Psi Assumption)
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